To hit a few of your topics:
Sounds like you have a bit of scrounging to accomplish before you can fire the engine anyway. Headers or manifolds, and hopefully some sort of muffler arrangement, even if you just dump the exhaust under the vehicle. Is the cooling system ready to go? Do you have any gauges you'll be installing? You'll need accessory drive to run the water pump, which means you'll also presumably want at least an alternator hung in place so the belt can be tensioned, even if you don't actually have the alternator itself hooked up and charging. (Speaking of alternators - if you can run an internally-regulated alternator, that can save a LOT of hassle. Going with a "1-wire" alternator can save even MORE hassle. If you already HAVE the alternator, do you know what you have? Do you intend to run Air Conditioning? Power Steering? All of that could affect what accessory brackets you'll want, and what wiring you'll eventually need.)
Vacuum - what Bob said. You don't "need" anything except vacuum advance to run your engine, you can plug off everything else until you're ready to tackle it. And for the initial breakin run, even working vacuum advance isn't mandatory.
Wiring - Do you still have the old Ford engine wiring harness, or are you laying in a new under-hood harness (or needing to build one from scratch)? You can potentially "run the engine" just by sending power to the ignition and the starter, and cranking the engine by jumping 12V to the starter's "crank" terminal. Bonus points if you get the ignition key working. But - if you're running electric fans, an electric fuel pump, if you have a points distributor vs having an HEI ignition, etc. there's more to it than that. More info would help.
Your carb adapter question - again, more info/pictures would help. I'd *guess* that you have a spread-bore manifold, and you are asking if you can adapt it to accept a square-bore carburetor. Well, yes, with the right adapter you can. But...that's just a guess, not sure what you're asking.
Getting an engine to "run" isn't magic, if it's been assembled correctly. Ignition/starter/fuel/lubrication/cooling, and "close enough" initial settings for timing and carb, and it should run.
Getting an engine to run "well", to be reliable, to be convenient - that's where the magic is.